MySQL Reference Manual for version 3.23.39. - 22 Solving Some Common Problems with MySQL
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22 Solving Some Common Problems with MySQL
In this chapter, you will find information to solve some of the more common
tasks with MySQL. This includes making backups, running more than
one MySQL server daemon on a single machine, and replicating a
database using the update or binary logs.
22.1 Database Replication with Update Log
Now that master-slave internal replication is available starting in
Version 3.23.15, using the update log to implement replications is not
recommended. See section 11 Replication in MySQL.
However, it is still possible to replicate a database by using the
update log or the binary log. See section 23.3 The Update Log. This requires one
database that acts as a master (to which data changes are made) and one
or more other databases that act as slaves. To update a slave, just run
mysql < update_log.* or mysqlbinlog binary_log.* | mysql.
Supply host, user, and password options that are appropriate for the
slave database, and use the update log from the master database as
input.
If you never delete anything from a table, you can use a TIMESTAMP
column to find out which rows have been inserted or changed in the table
since the last replication (by comparing the time when you did the
replication last time) and only copy these rows to the mirror.
It is possible to make a two-way updating system using both the update
log (for deletes) and timestamps (on both sides). But in that case you
must be able to handle conflicts when the same data have been changed in
both ends. You probably want to keep the old version to help with
deciding what has been updated.
Because replication in this case is done with SQL statements, you should not
use the following functions in statements that update the database; they may
not return the same value as in the original database:
DATABASE()
GET_LOCK() and RELEASE_LOCK()
RAND()
USER(), SYSTEM_USER() or SESSION_USER()
VERSION(), CONNECT_ID()
All time functions are safe to use, as the timestamp is sent to the
mirror if needed. LAST_INSERT_ID() is also safe to use.
22.2 Database Backups
Because MySQL tables are stored as files, it is easy to do a
backup. To get a consistent backup, do a LOCK TABLES on the
relevant tables followed by FLUSH TABLES for the tables.
See section 7.32 LOCK TABLES/UNLOCK TABLES Syntax.
See section 7.26 FLUSH Syntax.
You only need a read lock; this allows other threads to continue to
query the tables while you are making a copy of the files in the
database directory. The FLUSH TABLE is needed to ensure that
the all active index pages is written to disk before you start the backup.
If you want to make a SQL level backup of a table, you can use
SELECT INTO OUTFILE or BACKUP
TABLE. See section 7.19 SELECT Syntax. See section 7.13 BACKUP TABLE Syntax.
Another way to back up a database is to use the mysqldump program or
the mysqlhotcopy script. See section 15.7 Dumping the Structure and Data from MySQL Databases and Tables.
See section 15.8 Copying MySQL Databases and Tables.
Do a full backup of your databases:
shell> mysqldump --tab=/path/to/some/dir --opt --full
or
shell> mysqlhotcopy database /path/to/some/dir
You can also simply copy all table files (`*.frm', `*.MYD', and
`*.MYI' files) as long as the server isn't updating anything.
The script mysqlhotcopy does use this method.
Stop mysqld if it's running, then start it with the
--log-update[=file_name] option. See section 23.3 The Update Log. The update
log file(s) provide you with the information you need to replicate
changes to the database that are made subsequent to the point at which
you executed mysqldump.
If you have to restore something, try to recover your tables using
REPAIR TABLE or myisamchk -r first. That should work in
99.9% of all cases. If myisamchk fails, try the following
procedure: (This will only work if you have started MySQL with
--log-update. See section 23.3 The Update Log.):
Restore the original mysqldump backup.
Execute the following command to re-run the updates in the binary log:
shell> mysqlbinlog hostname-bin.[0-9]* | mysql
If you are using the update log you can use:
shell> ls -1 -t -r hostname.[0-9]* | xargs cat | mysql
ls is used to get all the update log files in the right order.
You can also do selective backups with SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'file_name'
FROM tbl_name and restore with LOAD DATA INFILE 'file_name' REPLACE
... To avoid duplicate records, you need a PRIMARY KEY or a
UNIQUE key in the table. The REPLACE keyword causes old records
to be replaced with new ones when a new record duplicates an old record on
a unique key value.
If you get performance problems in making backups on your system, you can
solve this by setting up replication and do the backups on the slave
instead of on the master. See section 11.1 Introduction.
If you are using a Veritas file system, you can do:
Execute in a client (perl ?) FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK
Fork a shell or execute in another client mount vxfs snapshot.
Execute in the first client UNLOCK TABLES
Copy files from snapshot
Unmount snapshot
22.3 Running Multiple MySQL Servers on the Same Machine
There are circumstances when you might want to run multiple servers on the same
machine. For example, you might want to test a new MySQL release
while leaving your existing production setup undisturbed. Or you might
be an Internet service provider that wants to provide independent
MySQL installations for different customers.
If you want to run multiple servers, the easiest way is to compile the servers
with different TCP/IP ports and socket files so they are not
both listening to the same TCP/IP port or socket file. See section 15.4 mysqld_multi, program for managing multiple MySQL servers.
Assume an existing server is configured for the default port number and
socket file. Then configure the new server with a configure command
something like this:
shell> ./configure --with-tcp-port=port_number \
--with-unix-socket-path=file_name \
--prefix=/usr/local/mysql-3.22.9
Here port_number and file_name should be different than the
default port number and socket file pathname, and the --prefix value
should specify an installation directory different than the one under which
the existing MySQL installation is located.
You can check the socket used by any currently executing MySQL server
with this command:
shell> mysqladmin -h hostname --port=port_number variables
Note that if you specify ``localhost'' as a hostname, mysqladmin
will default to using Unix sockets instead of TCP/IP.
If you have a MySQL server running on the port you used, you will
get a list of some of the most important configurable variables in
MySQL, including the socket name.
You don't have to recompile a new MySQL server just to start with
a different port and socket. You can change the port and socket to be used
by specifying them at run time as options to safe_mysqld:
shell> /path/to/safe_mysqld --socket=file_name --port=port_number
mysqld_multi can also take safe_mysqld (or mysqld)
as an argument and pass the options from a configuration file to
safe_mysqld and further to mysqld.
If you run the new server on the same database directory as another
server with logging enabled, you should also specify the name of the log
files to safe_mysqld with --log, --log-update, or
--log-slow-queries. Otherwise, both servers may be trying to
write to the same log file.
WARNING: Normally you should never have two servers that update
data in the same database! If your OS doesn't support fault-free system
locking, this may lead to unpleasant surprises!
If you want to use another database directory for the second server, you
can use the --datadir=path option to safe_mysqld.
NOTE also that starting several MySQL servers
(mysqlds) in different machines and letting them access one data
directory over NFS is generally a BAD IDEA! The problem
is that the NFS will become the bottleneck with the speed. It is
not meant for such use. And last but not least, you would still have to
come up with a solution how to make sure that two or more mysqlds
are not interfering with each other. At the moment there is no platform
that would 100% reliable do the file locking (lockd daemon
usually) in every situation. Yet there would be one more possible risk
with NFS; it would make the work even more complicated for
lockd daemon to handle. So make it easy for your self and forget
about the idea. The working solution is to have one computer with an
operating system that efficiently handles threads and have several CPUs
in it.
When you want to connect to a MySQL server that is running with
a different port than the port that is compiled into your client, you
can use one of the following methods:
Start the client with --host 'hostname' --port=port_number to connect
with TCP/IP, or [--host localhost] --socket=file_name to connect via
a Unix socket.
In your C or Perl programs, you can give the port or socket arguments
when connecting to the MySQL server.
If your are using the Perl DBD::mysql module you can read the options
from the MySQL option files. See section 4.16.5 Option Files.
$dsn = "DBI:mysql:test;mysql_read_default_group=client;mysql_read_default_file=/usr/local/mysql/data/my.cnf"
$dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $user, $password);
Set the MYSQL_UNIX_PORT and MYSQL_TCP_PORT environment variables
to point to the Unix socket and TCP/IP port before you start your clients.
If you normally use a specific socket or port, you should place commands
to set these environment variables in your `.login' file.
See section A Environment Variables. See section 15.1 Overview of the Different MySQL Programs.
Specify the default socket and TCP/IP port in the `.my.cnf' file in your
home directory. See section 4.16.5 Option Files.
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