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Press and Information
PRESS RELEASE No 82/04
14 October 2004
Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-36/02
Omega Spielhallen- und Automatenaufstellungs-GmbH v Oberbrgermeisterin der
Bundesstadt Bonn
COMMUNITY LAW DOES NOT PRECLUDE THE PROHIBITION IMPOSED IN
GERMANY ON THE COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF GAMES SIMULATING
HOMICIDAL ACTS
The protection of public policy following the affront to human dignity posed by that activity
justifies a restriction on the freedom to provide services
Omega is a German company which operated an installation known as a laserdrome in
Bonn. The games organised there consisted of firing with sub-machine-gun-type laser
targeting devices at sensory tags installed either in corridors where the firing took place or on
jackets worn by other players. In its laserdrome, Omega used a form of the game developed
and marketed by a company established in the United Kingdom and concluded a franchising
agreement with that company.
In 1994, the Bonn police authority prohibited Omega from allowing or tolerating in its
laserdrome games which involved firing on human targets, or in other words playing at
killing people. That prohibition was based in particular on the existence of a danger to
public policy, the acts of simulated homicide and ensuing trivialisation of violence being
contrary to fundamental values prevalent in public opinion.
The Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court), hearing an action by Omega
against that prohibition at final instance, stayed the proceedings and referred a question to the
Court of Justice as to whether it was compatible with fundamental freedoms guaranteed by
the EC Treaty, such as the freedom to provide services and the free movement of goods, for
national law to ban the use of a laserdrome where acts of homicide were simulated on the
ground that it was contrary to certain values (notably human dignity) enshrined in the German
constitution. The essential question was whether the restriction of fundamental freedoms in
question had to be based on a conception of law common to all the Member States.
The Court first held that the prohibition in question affected the freedom to provide services
which the EC Treaty guarantees both to the providers of those services and their recipients
established in another Member State.
The Court then held that the scope of the concept of public policy, which is amongst the
reasons capable of justifying a derogation from that fundamental freedom, cannot be
determined unilaterally by each of the Member States. Public policy may be invoked only if
there is a genuine and sufficiently serious threat to a fundamental interest of society.
However, Member States have a discretion as to the specific circumstances in which recourse
to the concept of public policy is admissible.
In that context, the Court went on to state that the Community legal order undeniably seeks to
ensure respect for human dignity as a general principle of law and that protection of such a
fundamental right constitutes a legitimate interest which is in principle capable of justifying a
restriction on the freedom to provide services.
Concerning the need for, and the proportionality of, the prohibition, the Court held that it is
not indispensable for that national measure to correspond to a conception shared by all
Member States as regards the methods of protecting the fundamental right or legitimate
interest in question. It recalled that, in accordance with its case-law, need for, and the
proportionality of, such a measure are not excluded simply because one Member State has
chosen a system of protection different from that adopted by another State.
Finally, having regard to the fact that, according to the Bundesverwaltungsgericht, the
prohibition in question corresponds to the level of protection of human dignity which the
national constitution seeks to ensure in Germany, and given that the prohibition concerns only
the variant of the laser game the object of which is to fire on human targets, the Court
concludes that that prohibition has not gone beyond what is necessary to attain the objective
pursued by the competent national authorities and that, therefore, it cannot be regarded as a
measure that unjustifiably undermines the freedom to provide services.
Unofficial document for media use, not binding on the Court of Justice.
Languages available: English, French, German
The full text of the judgment may be found on the Court s internet site
http://curia.eu.int/jurisp/cgi-bin/form.pl?lang=en
It can usually be consulted after midday (CET) on the day judgment is delivered.
For further information, please contact Christopher Fretwell
Tel: (00352) 4303 3355 Fax: (00352) 4303 2731
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