89718 m337

Compagnie de Margote and Compagnie Blanche. Their victims tended to identify them merely as English, Bretons or whatever, while those without noble commanders were sometimes called ‘headless companies’ and were particularly feared as being outside the normal structure of society.

Captains of urban milida were appointed by the city or town; two or three would normally accompany the militia on campaign. Whereas militia captains tended to be paid annually, members of the nobility who attended muster were paid by the marshals according to how many days they served. Military expenditure conld clearly be considerable, and at the start of the Hundred Years War the king’s hotel or personal retinue alone cost 30,000 limes toumois.

King John’s reforms largely failed, but they remained the basis of morę successful efforts by his successors. In 1374 a Royal ordnance established something akin to a central military ‘staff, enabling the Royal Constable to appoint a lieutenant and the Royal Marshals to appoint four lieutentants to review the troops once mustered. The only troops not liable for such inspection were the households of the Constable and the Master of the Crossbowmen - the latter being, in effect, commander of all French infantry.

Beneath these senior officers each captain of a company had a Royal letter of authority and would, theoretically, command 100 men. Captains were also responsible for bringing their men to muster and accounting for their conduct. At muster each man, his kit and his horse were inspected; only if these were in order would a man be paid and ‘retained’. Leave was only granted for good reasons, but a man could not be replaced unless dismissed by his captain, summoned directly into the king’s service, or was wounded or sick. Payment was madę through the chamlrres or subdivisions of a compagnie or route, the captain receiving money for his own immediate household while the rest went straight to his men.

Such an army was, of course, very expensive; and in 1379 and 1384 a violent reaction against the necessary taxes meant that this new structure was abandoned for many years. In fact the entire system had collapsed by 1417-18, by which time the English were over-running great swathes of France. French military organisation at the time of Agincourt was theoretically the same as it had been during the militarily

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