1254394850

56

Table 2.1 Sample sizes presented relative to the number of capture per bird.

1 Number of capture/bfrd	Sample size
1	138
2	27
3	11
4	1
5	3
6	2
7	1

2.4.2 Respirometry

At the field station, birds were kept at room temperaturę in separate cages (39 cm x 43 cm x 31 cm) supplied with food (sunflower seed) and water ad libitum until metabolic ratę measurements. Cages were kept in a quiet room receiving natural light. At around 13:00, we measured the Msum of two birds simultaneously using the instruments and protocol described by Petit et al. (2013). Measurement of the two remaining birds started before 15:00. Before Msum trials, birds were weighed (± 0.1 g) and body temperaturę (Tb) was measured with a thermocouple reader (Omega model HH-25KC, NIST-traceable, Omega, Montreal, QC, Canada) using a copper-constantan thermocouple inserted into the cloacae approximately 10 mm deep. Then, birds were put in metabolic chambers (effective volume =1120 ml) fitted with a perch and a thermistor (Sabie Systems UI2 AD converter, Sabie Systems, Las Vegas, NV, USA) for chamber temperaturę measurements. We exposed the birds to helox gas (21% oxygen, 79% helium, average flow ratę of 1109 ml.min'¹) and measured their oxygen consumption (FoxBox oxygen analyzers, Sabie Systems, Las Vegas, NV, USA) using a sliding cold exposure protocol (Swanson et al._t 1996). This protocol involved a decrease in ambient temperaturę of 3°C every 20 minutes with trials starting at 6°C in summer, 3°C in fali and 0°C in winter. Trials ended when birds became hypothermic, which was detectable in real time as a steady decline in oxygen consumption for several minutes. At this time, birds were removed from metabolic chambers and their body mass (Mb) and Tb were measured again. We assumed a bird had reached its Msum when Tb after a trial was < 38°C (mean Tb before Msum = 42.35 ± 0.04°C [pers.obs], thus average decline in Tb during Msum measurement > 4°C) (Cooper & Gessaman, 2005). Data from birds with Tb

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